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What Are CNC Machines?

CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control. These machines are used in manufacturing to precisely cut, shape, and build parts out of materials like metal, plastic, aluminium, and wood. CNC machining involves the use of computer software to control machine tools—making the process faster, more accurate, and highly repeatable.

The History of CNC Machines

The Pioneer: John T. Parsons

John T. Parsons (1913–2007) is widely regarded as the father of CNC machining. In the 1940s, while working at Parsons Corporation in Michigan, he developed a method for producing helicopter rotor blades with the help of computer calculations. This early system became known as Numerical Control (NC).

  • In 1946, Parsons introduced punch-card systems to control milling machines.

  • By 1958, he filed a patent to connect computers to machines—months ahead of MIT.

  • Despite slow adoption, NC gained traction in the 1970s, thanks to support from the US Army.

  • Over time, NC evolved into CNC, as computers became more powerful and accessible.

How CNC Machining Works

CNC machining combines CAD (Computer Aided Design) and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) software to produce digital instructions (often in G-code) that control machines.

Core Components of a CNC Machine:

  • Command Function – sends instructions

  • Drive/Motion System – moves the machine

  • Feedback System – ensures precision and accuracy

The machine moves cutting tools or the workpiece along multiple axes to form the desired shape. Advanced CNC machines can hold multiple tools and perform complex cuts with high speed and precision.

Skills and Software in CNC Machining

What CNC Machinists Need:

  • Knowledge of metalworking and machine setup

  • Strong 3D visualisation skills

  • Proficiency in programming using CAD/CAM software

Common CAD Software:

  • AutoCAD

  • SolidWorks

  • Rhino3D

Common CAM Software:

  • Mastercam

  • Edgecam

  • OneCNC

  • HSMWorks

  • SolidCAM

These tools help define tool paths, run simulations, and generate G-code for machining.

DNC and MDC: Evolving CNC Management

Distributed Numerical Control (DNC):

DNC allows a central computer to send programs to multiple machines over a network. Modern DNC systems allow:

  • Program editing and comparison

  • Tool break recovery

  • Job tracking

  • Viewing CAD drawings

  • One-touch machining interfaces

Manufacturing Data Collection (MDC):

MDC builds on DNC by analysing machine performance using metrics like Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE)

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